[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

56
the masculine suffix -ak- for it (to avoid the changes in stem length), even though the former type is
unmarked for gender, while the latter is specifically masculine.
Neut. II: neuter nouns with indeclinable singular (muzeum, stypendium).
This group of neuters, all Latin loans in -um, is highly irregular in Polish, in that it uses the ending -um in
all forms of the singular. The plural uses departs from the regular neuter pattern in the Gpl., taking the
usual masculine ending -ów, as follows.
muzeum  muzeum
Sing. Plur. Singular Plural
N -um -a N muzeum muzea
A =Nsg. = Npl. A = Nsg. = Npl.
G =Nsg. -ów G = Nsg. muzeów
L =Nsg. -ach L = Nsg. muzeach
D =Nsg. -om D = Nsg. muzeom
I =Nsg. -ami I = Nsg. muzeami
V =Nsg. = Npl. I = Nsg. = Npl.
57
Chapter 4. Polish Adjectival Declension and Comparison. Notes on the Adverb
Adjectival declension primarily differs from nominal in that adjectives do not have a inherent,
unchanging gender, but agree in gender with the noun they modify. Consequently, the number of
grammatical forms possible for a given adjective is much larger than the number a noun can have, since
the adjective will have masculine, neuter, and feminine forms in the singular, plus virile and non-virile
forms in the plural. In spite of this, the declension of adjectives is much simpler than that of nouns, since
there is really only a single declension type. The only variation in endings is due to predictable
phonological factors. For example, if three adjectival stems end in a hard non-velar (e.g. [r]), a velar (e.g.
[k]) , and a soft palatal consonant (e.g. [Å„]), a basic /i/ ending will be automatically realized in three
different ways: [ry/k i/Å„i], as seen in the nominative singular of dobry  good /wielki  large , tani  cheap .
The major morphophonemic alternation within adjectival declension is found in the Npl. of viriles, which
has been described in detail in the chapter on alternation types, where it was referred to as the virile
alternation. It is an even more extensive alternation for adjectives than that found in virile nouns, since
nouns do not have an alternation of the stem-final consonant if it is -sz/-ż, (in such cases, virile nouns use
the same desinences that would apply to non-virile nouns, e.g. listonosze 'mailmen', kosze 'baskets').
However, adjectives, in contrast to nouns, do have alternations of the above two stem-final consonants;
the orthographic nominative singulars -szy/-ży correspond to the virile nominative plural -si/-zi; e.g.
duży~duzi  big, masc. Nsg. and vir. Npl. and lepszy~lepsi  better, masc. Nsg. and vir. Npl. . Sample
paradigms of the adjectives dobry/wielki/tani are as follows:
dobry  what kind of?
Singular Plural
MN F Virile Non-Virile
N dobry dobre dobra dobrzy dobre
A dobry/ dobre dobrÄ… dobrych dobre
dobrego
G dobrego dobrego dobrej dobrych dobrych
L dobrym dobrym dobrej dobrych dobrych
D dobremu dobremu dobrej dobrym dobrym
I dobrym dobrym dobrÄ… dobrymi dobrymi
wielki  large
Singular Plural
MN F Virile Non-Virile
N wielki wielkie wielka wielcy wielkie
A wielki/ wielkie wielkÄ… wielkich wielkie
wielkiego
G wielkiego wielkiego wielkiej wielkich wielkich
L wielkim wielkim wielkiej wielkich wielkich
D wielkiemu wielkiemu wielkiej wielkim wielkim
I wielkim wielkim wielkÄ… wielkimi wielkimi
58
tani  cheap
Singular Plural
MN F Virile Non-Virile
N tani tanie tania tani tanie
A tani/ tanie taniÄ… tanich tanie
taniego
G taniego taniego taniej tanich tanich
L tanim tanim taniej tanich tanich
D taniemu taniemu taniej tanim tanim
I tanim tanim taniÄ… tanimi tanimi
Note that tani has a stem which ends in a soft consonant, i.e. palatal Å„. When palatal Å„ is the base form, it
does not have a differeent alternation value, so tani functions as both the nominative singular and virile
nominative plural. On the other hand, if hard (dental) n is the stem-final consonant in the nominative
singular, it changes to palatal Å„ in the virile nominative plural, e.g. napisany/napisani 'written, Nsg./virile
Npl.'.
Adjectival Comparison
Polish has both synthetic and analytical types of adjectival comparison. The synthetic type
involves the addition of a suffix to the adjective stem, with possible stem changes (comparable to the [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

zanotowane.pl

doc.pisz.pl

pdf.pisz.pl

domowewypieki.keep.pl